Social Presence in Synchronous CMC-based Language Learning: How does it affect the productive performance and consciousness of learning objectives?

This study examines potential designs in the usage of synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) for communicative language learning in learner-centered communication. In this study, we compared four types of SCMC: text-based chat with and without interlocutors’ image, video conferencing, and audio conferencing, each supporting of the use of formulaic expressions concerning communication strategies. We investigated the effect of each type of SCMC on four features of language learning: perceived consciousness of social presence; perceived consciousness of language learning in communication; productive performance; and consciousness of learning objectives. The results showed that the interlocutor’s image has a main effect for social presence as well as on some aspects of productive performance, and that the use of voice has a significant effect on perceived consciousness of language learning in communication, productive performance and consciousness of learning objectives. In addition, an interaction effect was confirmed on perceived consciousness of social presence and productive performance. It can be said that social presence aids second language communication in learner-centered communication; however, it can inhibit consciousness of learning context and learning objectives.